1 SPI概述
SPI是英语Serial Peripheral interface的缩写，顾名思义就是串行外围设备接口，是Motorola首先在其MC68HCXX系列处理器上定义的。SPI接口主要应用在 EEPROM，FLASH，实时时钟，AD转换器，还有数字信号处理器和数字信号解码器之间。SPI是一种高速的，全双工，同步的通信总线，并且在芯片的管脚上只占用四根线，节约了芯片的管脚，同时为PCB的布局上节省空间，提供方便。
SPI的通信原理很简单，它以主从方式工作，这种模式通常有一个主设备和一个或多个从设备，需要4根线，事实上3根也可以。也是所有基于SPI的设备共有的，它们是SDI(数据输入)，SDO(数据输出)，SCLK(时钟)，CS(片选)。
MOSI(SDO)：主器件数据输出，从器件数据输入。
MISO(SDI)：主器件数据输入，从器件数据输出。
SCLK ：时钟信号，由主器件产生。
CS：从器件使能信号，由主器件控制。
其中CS是控制芯片是否被选中的，也就是说只有片选信号为预先规定的使能信号时（高电位或低电位），对此芯片的操作才有效，这就允许在同一总线上连接多个SPI设备成为可能。需要注意的是，在具体的应用中，当一条SPI总线上连接有多个设备时，SPI本身的CS有可能被其他的GPIO脚代替，即每个设备的CS脚被连接到处理器端不同的GPIO，通过操作不同的GPIO口来控制具体的需要操作的SPI设备，减少各个SPI设备间的干扰。
SPI是串行通讯协议，也就是说数据是一位一位从MSB或者LSB开始传输的，这就是SCK时钟线存在的原因，由SCK提供时钟脉冲，MISO、MOSI则基于此脉冲完成数据传输。 SPI支持4-32bits的串行数据传输，支持MSB和LSB，每次数据传输时当从设备的大小端发生变化时需要重新设置SPI Master的大小端。
2 Linux SPI驱动总体架构
在2.6的linux内核中，SPI的驱动架构可以分为如下三个层次：SPI 核心层、SPI控制器驱动层和SPI设备驱动层。
Linux 中SPI驱动代码位于drivers/spi目录。
2.1 SPI核心层
SPI核心层是Linux的SPI核心部分，提供了核心数据结构的定义、SPI控制器驱动和设备驱动的注册、注销管理等API。其为硬件平台无关层，向下屏蔽了物理总线控制器的差异，定义了统一的访问策略和接口；其向上提供了统一的接口，以便SPI设备驱动通过总线控制器进行数据收发。
Linux中，SPI核心层的代码位于driver/spi/ spi.c。由于该层是平台无关层，本文将不再叙述，有兴趣可以查阅相关资料。
2.2 SPI控制器驱动层
SPI控制器驱动层，每种处理器平台都有自己的控制器驱动，属于平台移植相关层。它的职责是为系统中每条SPI总线实现相应的读写方法。在物理上，每个SPI控制器可以连接若干个SPI从设备。
在系统开机时，SPI控制器驱动被首先装载。一个控制器驱动用于支持一条特定的SPI总线的读写。一个控制器驱动可以用数据结构struct spi_master来描述。
在include/liunx/spi/spi.h文件中，在数据结构struct spi_master定义如下：
/**
* struct spi_master - interface to SPI master controller
* @dev: device interface to this driver
* @bus_num: board-specific (and often SOC-specific) identifier for a
* given SPI controller.
* @num_chipselect: chipselects are used to distinguish individual
* SPI slaves, and are numbered from zero to num_chipselects.
* each slave has a chipselect signal, but it's common that not
* every chipselect is connected to a slave.
* @setup: updates the device mode and clocking records used by a
* device's SPI controller; protocol code may call this. This
* must fail if an unrecognized or unsupported mode is requested.
* It's always safe to call this unless transfers are pending on
* the device whose settings are being modified.
* @transfer: adds a message to the controller's transfer queue.
* @cleanup: frees controller-specific state
*
* Each SPI master controller can communicate with one or more @spi_device
* children. These make a small bus, sharing MOSI, MISO and SCK signals
* but not chip select signals. Each device may be configured to use a
* different clock rate, since those shared signals are ignored unless
* the chip is selected.
*
* The driver for an SPI controller manages access to those devices through
* a queue of spi_message transactions, copying data between CPU memory and
* an SPI slave device. For each such message it queues, it calls the
* message's completion function when the transaction completes.
*/
struct spi_master {
struct device dev;
/* other than negative (== assign one dynamically), bus_num is fully
* board-specific. usually that simplifies to being SOC-specific.
* example: one SOC has three SPI controllers, numbered 0..2,
* and one board's schematics might show it using SPI-2. software
* would normally use bus_num=2 for that controller.
*/
s16 bus_num;
/* chipselects will be integral to many controllers; some others
* might use board-specific GPIOs.
*/
u16 num_chipselect;
/* setup mode and clock, etc (spi driver may call many times) */
int (*setup)(struct spi_device *spi);
/* bidirectional bulk transfers
*
* + The transfer() method may not sleep; its main role is
* just to add the message to the queue.
* + For now there's no remove-from-queue operation, or
* any other request management
* + To a given spi_device, message queueing is pure fifo
*
* + The master's main job is to process its message queue,
* selecting a chip then transferring data
* + If there are multiple spi_device children, the i/o queue
* arbitration algorithm is unspecified (round robin, fifo,
* priority, reservations, preemption, etc)
*
* + Chipselect stays active during the entire message
* (unless modified by spi_transfer.cs_change != 0).
* + The message transfers use clock and SPI mode parameters
* previously established by setup() for this device
*/
int (*transfer)(struct spi_device *spi,
struct spi_message *mesg);
/* called on release() to free memory provided by spi_master */
void (*cleanup)(struct spi_device *spi);
};
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