1. 实验程序
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- static void __attribute__ ((constructor)) beforeMain(void)
- {
- printf("Before main...\n");
- }
- int main(void)
- {
- printf("Main!\n");
- return 0;
- }
输出结果
为什么最开始执行的不是main函数?怎么和我们刚开始学习C程序时说的不一样呢?从运行结果中,我们可以看出来beforeMain是在进入main函数之前被调用的,这对于C语言的初学者来说似乎有点难以理解。究竟是谁调用的beforeMain呢?怎么还没有进入main就可以有代码被执行呢?
带着以上问题,我们先用-v参数来显示编译过程,其中输出部分如下
- /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/collect2 -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccHn29zY.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s --sysroot=/ --build-id --eh-frame-hdr -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -z relro /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../../lib -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../.. /tmp/ccMKdwTx.o -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed -lc -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o
从输出结果可以看出,在链接生成最后的可执行文件时,有很多的C库二进制文件参与进来。而最终的可执行文件除了我们编写的这个简单的C代码以外,还有大量的C库文件参与了链接,并包含在了最终的可执行文件中。这个链接的过程,是由链接器ld的链接脚本来决定的。如果我们没有指定链接脚本,会默认使用ld的默认脚本。
通过ld -verbose命令来查看
- using internal linker script:
- ==================================================
- /* Script for -z combreloc: combine and sort reloc sections */
- /* Copyright (C) 2014-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- Copying and distribution of this script, with or without modification,
- are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
- notice and this notice are preserved. */
- OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf64-x86-64", "elf64-x86-64", "elf64-x86-64")
- OUTPUT_ARCH(i386:x86-64)
- ENTRY(_start)
- SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/lib");
从上面输出可以看出这里定义了输出的文件格式、目标机器的类型,以及重要的信息和程序的入口ENTRY(_start)。
我们的例子中beforeMain函数使用的gcc扩展属性__attribute__((constructor))就是将函数对应的指令归属于.ctors section部分。
- .ctors :
- {
- /* gcc uses crtbegin.o to find the start of
- the constructors, so we make sure it is
- first. Because this is a wildcard, it
- doesn't matter if the user does not
- actually link against crtbegin.o; the
- linker won't look for a file to match a
- wildcard. The wildcard also means that it
- doesn't matter which directory crtbegin.o
- is in. */
- KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.ctors))
- KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.ctors))
- /* We don't want to include the .ctor section from
- the crtend.o file until after the sorted ctors.
- The .ctor section from the crtend file contains the
- end of ctors marker and it must be last */
- KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
- KEEP (*(SORT(.ctors.*)))
- KEEP (*(.ctors))
- }
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